DETAILS OF NOTIFIABLE DISEASES :
SOURCE OF INFECTION AND PREVENTION
1.
AIDS
Prevention:
2. CHICKEN POX:
Prevention:
3. CHOLERA:
Prevention:
4. DENGUE FEVER
PREVENTION:
5. DIPTHERIA:
Prevention:
6. HEPATITIS
Hepatitis
A:
Prevention:
Hepatitis
B:
Prevention:
7. INFLUENZA
-
Caused by influenza viruses.
-
Characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, running nose, sore throat
and cough.
-
Transmitted by airborne among crowded population.
Prevention:
-
Education about basic personal hygiene, especially danger of unprotected
cough and sneezes.
-
Vaccination may provide 70-80% protection.
8. LEPROSY
-
Caused by a bacteria called mycobacterium lefrae.
-
It is the bacterial disease, that affects skin and peripheral nerves
and the
upper airway.
-
It will be presented as hypopigmented patches, thickened
nerves and
deformities.
Prevention:
-
Early detection of cases with white and shining patches without any sense.
-
Prompt treatment with multidrug.
-
Health education.
-
Environmental sanitation.
9. MALARIA
-
Caused by a parasite plasmodia.
-
Start with fever, rigors, headache and nausea, sweating, fever may occurs
in an interval depending upon the types.
Prevention:
-
Source reduction and control of larval stages by sanitary improvements.
-
Early diagnosis with blood semar and treatment at the nearest Health
facility such as HSC/PHC.
-
Health education
-
Screening of blood.
-
Personal protective measures.
10. MEASLES
-
Caused by measles virus.
-
Presented as fever, conjunctivitis, cold, cough and small spots with bluish
white centers an red base on the buccal mucosa.
-
Transmitted by direct contact or airborne.
Prevention:
-
Active vaccination with measles vaccine after completion of 9 months
of age
among children.
-
Children affected should be kept out of schools and in isolation.
11. CEREBRO SPINAL FEVER
-
Caused by a bacteria Neisseria meningititis.
-
Occurs as sudden onset of fever, intense headache, nausea, vomitting,
stiff neck, rash and coma.
-
Transmitted by direct contact, respiratory droplets.
Prevention:
-
Report to local health authorities.
-
Education on the need to reduce direct contact and droplet infection.
-
Reduce over crowding.
-
Close surveillance of household, day care.
-
Vaccines are available.
12.WHOOPING COUGH (Pertusis)
-
Caused by the bacteria bacilus (Pertusis)
-
Occurs as initiating cough which becomes repeated violent cough
followed by high pitched respiratory whoop.
-
It occurs among children.
-
Transmitted by direct contact with discharges.
Prevention:
-
Report to local health authority.
-
Active immunization which is now given along with diptheria and
tetanus as DPT.
-
Isolation of cases.
-
Quaranting from schools for 21 days.
-
Education of public.
13. PLAGUE:
-
Caused by the bacteriae Yersinia Pestis.
-
Occurs as fever, chills, tiredness, muscle pain, nausea, sore throat
and headache.
-
Enlargement of lymph nodes also occur.
-
Transmitted by the bite of infected fleas.
Prevention:
-
Report to local Health Authorities.
-
Reduction of flea source, control of rates.
-
Personal protection.
-
Isolation of cases.
-
Quarantive for 7 days.
14.
POLIO:
-
Caused by Polio virus types 1, 2, 3.
-
Occurs as fever, malaise, headache, nausea, vomitting, muscle pain,
stiffness of the back and neck with FLACCID PARALYSIS.
-
Transmitted from person to person by fecal-oral route.
Prevention:
-
Report to the local Health Authority.
-
Active immunization with Polio vaccines It is given as oral
polio drops.
It should be given at birth, 45 days, 75 days, 105 days and 9 months of
age and at 1 1/2 years.
-
In view of eradicating polio, 2 rounds Pulse Polio is given since
from 1995.
The child should also receive these pulse polio in addition to the routine
Immunisation.
-
Personal and environment hygiene.
15. RABIES:
-
Caused by virus Rabies virus.
-
Followed by a bite or scratch of a rabies affected animal.
-
Occurs as headache, fever, tiredness, indefinite sensory changes
-
The main features is excitability, aerophobia (fearness to the speed air),
difficulty in swallowing, hydrophobia (fear of water).
-
Without treatment death occurs due to respiratory paralysis.
Prevention:
-
Register license and vaccinate all dogs.
-
Treat the wound immediately by thorough cleaning. The wound
should not be sutured.
-
Effective vaccination is available for the both exposed and non-exposed
persons.
16. SMALL POX:
-
Caused by Variola virus.
-
Occurs as sudden fever, malaise, headache, prostration, severe back ache,
abdominal pain and vomitting.
-
A deep-seated rash developed with face and extremities.
-
Transmitted from person to person.
-
In Biowar it would most likely be disseminated in an aerosol cloud.
Prevention:
-
Report to local Health Authority.
-
Vaccine is available.
-
This disease was eradicated globally in 8th May, 1980.
17. SCARLET FEVER:
-
Caused by bacteria Group A Streptoccoci.
-
Occurs as fever, sore throat, exudative tonsillitis, pharyngitis, tender
enlarged lymphnods at neck, ear infection.
-
Typical rash will occur which is usually a fine, reddish, blanching on
pressure, appears on neck, chest, axilla, elbow groin and inner
surfaces of thighs.
-
Transmitted by direct contact or by respiratory droplets.
-
Rheumatic fever and effect on kidney may occur as complication.
Prevention:
-
Education - about modes of transmission.
- relationship with Rheumatic fever.
- adherence to the treatment.
-
Pasteurize the milk.
-
Exclude infected people from handling milk and food.
-
Treatment with penicillin may reduce the complication.
18. TETANUS:
-
Caused by bacteria clostridium tetani.
-
Occurs as painful muscular contraction, first affecting the cheek
and neck muscles and then trunk muscles.
-
A common first sign in older children and adult is adbominal rigidity.
-
Transmitted by wound contaminated with soil, feces.
-
It occurs in new borns which is called as neonatal tetanus if safety methods
are not followed during delivery.
Prevention:
-
Immunization with tetanus toxoid.
-
Pregnant Women:
- 2 doses of tetanus toxoid.
- at 16-20 weeks and 24 weeks of pregnancy.
- to prevent neonatal tetanus.
-
For Infants:
- included in DPT and to be given at 45 days, 75 days, 105 days
and 1 1/2 years of birth.
- DT at fifth year.
- TT at 10th year and once in five years.
- Thorough cleaning of the wound.
- AVOID FREQUENT T.T. INJECTION, WHENEVER YOU GET INJURED
19. TUBERCULOSIS:
-
Caused by bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis.
-
It affects lungs, mainly intestine, brain, bones and joints lymph glanes.
-
Occurs as cough more than 3 weeks, fever, loss of weight, loss of
appetite.
-
Transmitted as airborne droplet.
Prevention:
-
Education about the importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment.
-
Improvement in housing venitlation.
-
Environmental sanitation.
-
BCG Vaccine at the time of birth.
To
combat the tuberculosis now, revised National Tuberculosis
Control Programme is being implemented in Govt.PHCs / Hospitals which
ensures the successful treatment.
20. TYPHOID FEVER:
-
Caused by bacteria salmonella typhi.
-
Occurs as sustained fever, severe headache, tiredness, splenomegaly, slowing
of heart beat (Bradycardia), rose spots on the trunk.
-
Transmitted by contaminated food and water.
Prevention:
-
Proper hand washing and other personal hygiene.
-
Drinking of chlorinated, purified and boiled water.
-
Control of flies.
-
Preventing typhoid patients and carriers from handling of foods.
-
Using latrines for defaecation.
-
Vaccination is also available.
21. VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS:
-
Caused by many viruses.
-
Occurs as sudden fever, severe headache, vomitting, stiffness of neck.
-
Transmitted person to person, direct contact.
Prevention:
-
Report to local Health Authority.
-
Environment and personal hygiene.
-
Food and water sanitation.
-
Prompt treatment.
1.
MAL NUTRITION:
Protein
energy Malnutrition is an important healh and nutrition problem in
India. It is the important cause of childhood diseases and
death, permanent impairment of physical and mental growth. It
found in 1-2% of pre-school age children.
Proteins
are rich in milk, meat, eggs, cheese, fish. They also found in
pulses, cereals nuts, etc.
It
is mainly due inadequate intake of food both in quality and
quantity. Infectiions like diarrhoea, respiratory infection,
measles and intestinal worms will aggrevate the malnutriton.
It
is divided as mild, moderate and severe grades. The severe
grades may be classified into two categories marasmus and kwashiorkar.
The
common features are muscle wasting, fat wasting, oedema, low weight
for height, mental changes, poor appetite, frequent diarrhoea, skin
changes, hair changes.
The
first indicator of protein energy malnutrition is under-weight for age.
Preventive
measures:
1.
Education and distribution of supplements to pregnant and breast
feeding women.
2.
Encouraging breast feeding.
3.
Improvement in the quality and quantity of family diet.
4.
Family Planning.
5.
Education about nutrition.
6.
Immunization.
7.
Environmental sanitation.
2.
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY:
It
is important Vitamin for normal vision. It is rich in liver, eggs,
butter, cheese, whole nut, fish, meat, green and yellow fruits and
vegetables, green leafy vegetables.
In
deficiency, there will be:
-
night blindness
-
dryness of conjunctiva.
-
foamy spots on conjunctiva (Bitots' spot)
-
dryness of cornea.
Prevention:
-
Improvement in diet.
-
Reduction of infections like, diarrhoea, measles.
-
Administration of single dose of 2,00,000 International units
(IU) of
Vitamin A oil orally every 6 months to pre-school children (1-6 years)
and 1,00,000 IU to children between 6 months to one year of age.
3.
ANAEMIA:
Anaemia
occurs mainly due to iron deficiency. It is found especially
among adolescents, young children, pregnant women and lactating women.
It
occurs due to inadequate intake of iron and other infections like
hook worm and malaria.
The
foods rich in iron are meat, liver, fish, cereals, green leafy
vegetables, nuts, jaggery.
The
person suffering from anaemia will have, tiredness, lack of interest
in doing work, breathlessness, pale coloured face, palms, pale tongue
and eyes, reduced work capacity, etc.
Prevention:
-
Intake of iron containing foods.
-
Control of infection like malaria and hookworm.
-
Iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation.
- During pregnancy and lactation, IFA Tablets supplied freely.
- For adolescents girls the IFA tablets are supplied by teachers,
Volunteers and Self help group under adolescent anaemia
Control Programme.
IODINE
DEFICIENCY:
Iodine
is required for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones.
The
sea foods are best sources of iodine. They are found in smaller
amounts in milk, meat, vegetables and cereals, etc.
The
deficiency will lead to:
-
Goitre (Enlargement of thyroid glands, which is found as a swelling hooks
like butterfly in lower part of the front of the neck).
-
Decreased intelligence, hearing defects, speech defects in children.
-
Myxedema
-
Cretinism
-
Spontaneous abortion, miscarriage.
Prevention:
-
Use of iodized salt.
-
Increased intake of sea food.
-
Health Education.
The
Iodised salt pocket will be shown with "smiling sun" logo. |
